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The Nexus is the center of any Protoss base. Here probes are constructed and resources are deposited. This is also one of the few Protoss buildings that does not have to be constructed within the psionic matrix. A Nexus allows a player to build Gateways and a Forge.
This essential Protoss building extends the psionic matrix for a short radius around itself. Within this matrix, other Protoss buildings can be constructed. The matrix also allows the Protoss to teleport anywhere within its field. The pylons provide support (population/food) for building additional armies. The pylon does not have any prerequisite buildings thus it can be built as soon as one has sufficient resources.
The assimilator is once again in Starcraft 2 fulfilling the same roll as it has in the past. This building is where the Protoss probes gather Vespine Gas: the resource used more as you gain higher technological levels. The assimilator does not require any buildings to be constructed.
The Gateway is the basic Protoss unit production building. The Zealot, Immortal, Stalker, Stasis Orb, [url=http://gamereplays.org/starcraft2/portals.php?&show=page&name=protoss_hightemplar]High Templar, and Dark Templar are all teleported in from the homeland close to this structure. Some of the units that can be constructed at the gateway require additional structures before they can be made. When reconfigured into a Warp Gate the Protoss have the added bonus of being able to send units directly from the Warp Gate to anywhere into the psionic matrix: allowing massive armies to appear on an enemy's doorstep.
In the original Starcraft, the forge was the building where major unit upgrades were researched. This is once again the role that the forge plays in Starcraft 2. The forge can be built at the beginning of a game since a Nexus is the only prerequisite. The Forge also allows a Protoss player to build Phase Cannons, a defensive structure.
The Phase Cannon is the basic Protoss defensive structure. Firing a short burst of energy at an opponent, this automated defense will tear apart flesh and metal alike. It is similar to the Photon Cannon in the original Starcraft with the exception that it is able to move around the map. This is perfect if a Protoss player needs to re-adjust their base to counter an assault. When the Phase Cannon is in its energy form it is easy to destroy, so one must be careful how the phase cannon is deployed on the battlefield. The Phase Cannon must be within pylon power to move around or attack enemies. The Forge is a prerequisite for the Phase Cannon.
While the Forge gives a player access to a defensive structure the Cybernetics Core opens up the gateway to high technologies. three additional buildings can be constructed once this building is complete. These are the Twilight Council, the Stargate, and the Robotics Facility. The Cybernetics Core also allows a player to build Stalkers and the Stasis Orb from the Gateway, along with researching technologies.
As its name sounds, this building in Starcraft 1 was where some of the various mechanical units were constructed. As of BlizzCon 2007 the Reaver was no longer in Starcraft 2 but a number of units can still be constructed from the Robotics Facility. These include the Phase Prism, the Observer, and the Colossus. Construction of the Robotics Facility allows one to build the Null Circuit and the Robotics Support Bay as well.
The Robotics Support Bay is one of the ends of the technology tree for the Protoss. This building allows the Colossus to be built at the Robotics Facility and it contains a few technologies to research. The Robotics Facility is a prerequisite before this building can be constructed.
The Null Circuit is similar to the Robotics Support Bay. It allows a Protoss player to build an Observer at the Robotics Facility. It also provides a few technologies and must be built after the Robotics Facility.
This structure is the Protoss building where the Phoenix, Warp Ray, Carrier, and Mothership are built. While the Gateway warps in single warriors at a time, the Stargate is built to allow massive ships in from the homeland to be warped in. This building is higher in the Protoss Technology tree than many buildings and signifies the battles are well underway. A Cybernetics Core must be built before the Stargate and the Stargate makes the Fleet Beacon available for construction. 
The Fleet Beacon is back in Starcraft 2, representing the zenith of Protoss technology. Once this build has been constructed the Carrier and Mighty Mothership can be warped in from Auir. This building also allows the builder to research various air related technologies. Be careful when you see an enemy with one of these because it is certain to mean some major fire power will be coming your way shortly.
The Twilight Council is a entirely new structure in the Starcraft Universe. In order to build it one must first construct the Cybernetics Core and it unlocks the Immortal along with the Dark Obelisk and Templar Archives.
The Templar Archives is back in Starcraft 2 and it fulfils the same purpose as its predecessor. This building gives the Protoss player a few technologies and allow them to build the High Templar from the Gateway. In order to build the Templar Archives one must have built the Twilight Council previously.
This later stage building allows for the construction of Dark Templars and it provides a few additional technologies.
